What is plasma and where can we find it? Electrical plasma consists of ionized matter and is frequently called the fourth state of matter. Every gas assumes this state when a sufficiently strong electric current is passed through it or when it is heated to more than about 10000 K or when it is exposed to intensive ionizing radiation (UV, X-rays, gamma-rays). More than 99 % of the visible matter of the universe is in the plasma state. The most common method to produce physical, technical or industrial plasma is the application of a dc or ac voltage to a more or less diluted gas and to produce a gas discharge in which electron impact ionization (frequently supported by secondary electron emission) produces sufficient charge carriers to pass an electric current through the gas. Recently, atmospheric plasma has become more important, i.e. discharges in gases at atmospheric pressure, which makes the use of expensive vacuum systems obsolete. Plasma consists of free positive and negative electric charge carriers – most commonly positive single-charged ions and electrons (as the negative charge carriers). But there are also plasmas with a large fraction of negative ions or clusters, which can be of high relevance for technical applications in reactive plasmas. It is the presence of negative and positive charge carriers which determines the behavior of plasma decisively, since for its theoretical description not only the laws of fluid mechanics, thermodynamics and statistics are required but also those of electrodynamics. For very hot plasmas such as fusion plasmas, also nuclear physics is required (fusion reactions) and, under extreme conditions, plasma particles can even become relativistic. An additional characteristic of plasmas is that the negative charge carriers (most frequently electrons) are much lighter than the positive charge carriers; in the case of hydrogen plasma the mass ratio of electron to ion is 1836. Due to the presence of electric charge carriers, plasma can be manipulated, confined and utilized by electric and magnetic fields.

Contact Person: Prof. dr Branko Škorić
Period of realization: 2023 – 2024
ID: CIII-AT-0063-19-2324